// Copyright 2005, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
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// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
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// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan), vladl@google.com (Vlad Losev)
//
// This file implements death tests.

#include "gtest/gtest-death-test.h"
#include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"

#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST

	#if GTEST_OS_MAC
		#include <crt_externs.h>
	#endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC

	#include <errno.h>
	#include <fcntl.h>
	#include <limits.h>

	#if GTEST_OS_LINUX
		#include <signal.h>
	#endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX

	#include <stdarg.h>

	#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
		#include <windows.h>
	#else
		#include <sys/mman.h>
		#include <sys/wait.h>
	#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

	#if GTEST_OS_QNX
		#include <spawn.h>
	#endif  // GTEST_OS_QNX

#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST

#include "gtest/gtest-message.h"
#include "gtest/internal/gtest-string.h"

// Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
// implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
// included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick is to
// prevent a user from accidentally including gtest-internal-inl.h in
// his code.
#define GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_ 1
#include "gtest-internal-inl.h"
#undef GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_

namespace testing
{

	// Constants.

	// The default death test style.
	static const char kDefaultDeathTestStyle[] = "fast";

	GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
	    death_test_style,
	    internal::StringFromGTestEnv("death_test_style", kDefaultDeathTestStyle),
	    "Indicates how to run a death test in a forked child process: "
	    "\"threadsafe\" (child process re-executes the test binary "
	    "from the beginning, running only the specific death test) or "
	    "\"fast\" (child process runs the death test immediately "
	    "after forking).");

	GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
	    death_test_use_fork,
	    internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("death_test_use_fork", false),
	    "Instructs to use fork()/_exit() instead of clone() in death tests. "
	    "Ignored and always uses fork() on POSIX systems where clone() is not "
	    "implemented. Useful when running under valgrind or similar tools if "
	    "those do not support clone(). Valgrind 3.3.1 will just fail if "
	    "it sees an unsupported combination of clone() flags. "
	    "It is not recommended to use this flag w/o valgrind though it will "
	    "work in 99% of the cases. Once valgrind is fixed, this flag will "
	    "most likely be removed.");

	namespace internal
	{
		GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
		    internal_run_death_test, "",
		    "Indicates the file, line number, temporal index of "
		    "the single death test to run, and a file descriptor to "
		    "which a success code may be sent, all separated by "
		    "the '|' characters.  This flag is specified if and only if the current "
		    "process is a sub-process launched for running a thread-safe "
		    "death test.  FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.");
	}  // namespace internal

#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST

	namespace internal
	{

		// Valid only for fast death tests. Indicates the code is running in the
		// child process of a fast style death test.
		static bool g_in_fast_death_test_child = false;

		// Returns a Boolean value indicating whether the caller is currently
		// executing in the context of the death test child process.  Tools such as
		// Valgrind heap checkers may need this to modify their behavior in death
		// tests.  IMPORTANT: This is an internal utility.  Using it may break the
		// implementation of death tests.  User code MUST NOT use it.
		bool InDeathTestChild()
		{
# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

			// On Windows, death tests are thread-safe regardless of the value of the
			// death_test_style flag.
			return !GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).empty();

# else

			if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe")
				return !GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).empty();
			else
				return g_in_fast_death_test_child;
#endif
		}

	}  // namespace internal

	// ExitedWithCode constructor.
	ExitedWithCode::ExitedWithCode(int exit_code) : exit_code_(exit_code)
	{
	}

	// ExitedWithCode function-call operator.
	bool ExitedWithCode::operator()(int exit_status) const
	{
# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

		return exit_status == exit_code_;

# else

		return WIFEXITED(exit_status) && WEXITSTATUS(exit_status) == exit_code_;

# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
	}

# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
	// KilledBySignal constructor.
	KilledBySignal::KilledBySignal(int signum) : signum_(signum)
	{
	}

	// KilledBySignal function-call operator.
	bool KilledBySignal::operator()(int exit_status) const
	{
		return WIFSIGNALED(exit_status) && WTERMSIG(exit_status) == signum_;
	}
# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

	namespace internal
	{

		// Utilities needed for death tests.

		// Generates a textual description of a given exit code, in the format
		// specified by wait(2).
		static std::string ExitSummary(int exit_code)
		{
			Message m;

# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

			m << "Exited with exit status " << exit_code;

# else

			if (WIFEXITED(exit_code))
			{
				m << "Exited with exit status " << WEXITSTATUS(exit_code);
			}
			else if (WIFSIGNALED(exit_code))
			{
				m << "Terminated by signal " << WTERMSIG(exit_code);
			}
#  ifdef WCOREDUMP
			if (WCOREDUMP(exit_code))
			{
				m << " (core dumped)";
			}
#  endif
# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

			return m.GetString();
		}

		// Returns true if exit_status describes a process that was terminated
		// by a signal, or exited normally with a nonzero exit code.
		bool ExitedUnsuccessfully(int exit_status)
		{
			return !ExitedWithCode(0)(exit_status);
		}

# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
		// Generates a textual failure message when a death test finds more than
		// one thread running, or cannot determine the number of threads, prior
		// to executing the given statement.  It is the responsibility of the
		// caller not to pass a thread_count of 1.
		static std::string DeathTestThreadWarning(size_t thread_count)
		{
			Message msg;
			msg << "Death tests use fork(), which is unsafe particularly"
			    << " in a threaded context. For this test, " << GTEST_NAME_ << " ";
			if (thread_count == 0)
				msg << "couldn't detect the number of threads.";
			else
				msg << "detected " << thread_count << " threads.";
			return msg.GetString();
		}
# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

		// Flag characters for reporting a death test that did not die.
		static const char kDeathTestLived = 'L';
		static const char kDeathTestReturned = 'R';
		static const char kDeathTestThrew = 'T';
		static const char kDeathTestInternalError = 'I';

		// An enumeration describing all of the possible ways that a death test can
		// conclude.  DIED means that the process died while executing the test
		// code; LIVED means that process lived beyond the end of the test code;
		// RETURNED means that the test statement attempted to execute a return
		// statement, which is not allowed; THREW means that the test statement
		// returned control by throwing an exception.  IN_PROGRESS means the test
		// has not yet concluded.
		// TODO(vladl@google.com): Unify names and possibly values for
		// AbortReason, DeathTestOutcome, and flag characters above.
		enum DeathTestOutcome { IN_PROGRESS, DIED, LIVED, RETURNED, THREW };

		// Routine for aborting the program which is safe to call from an
		// exec-style death test child process, in which case the error
		// message is propagated back to the parent process.  Otherwise, the
		// message is simply printed to stderr.  In either case, the program
		// then exits with status 1.
		void DeathTestAbort(const std::string &message)
		{
			// On a POSIX system, this function may be called from a threadsafe-style
			// death test child process, which operates on a very small stack.  Use
			// the heap for any additional non-minuscule memory requirements.
			const InternalRunDeathTestFlag *const flag =
			    GetUnitTestImpl()->internal_run_death_test_flag();
			if (flag != NULL)
			{
				FILE *parent = posix::FDOpen(flag->write_fd(), "w");
				fputc(kDeathTestInternalError, parent);
				fprintf(parent, "%s", message.c_str());
				fflush(parent);
				_exit(1);
			}
			else
			{
				fprintf(stderr, "%s", message.c_str());
				fflush(stderr);
				posix::Abort();
			}
		}

		// A replacement for CHECK that calls DeathTestAbort if the assertion
		// fails.
# define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(expression) \
	do { \
		if (!::testing::internal::IsTrue(expression)) { \
			DeathTestAbort( \
			                ::std::string("CHECK failed: File ") + __FILE__ +  ", line " \
			                + ::testing::internal::StreamableToString(__LINE__) + ": " \
			                + #expression); \
		} \
	} while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())

		// This macro is similar to GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_, but it is meant for
		// evaluating any system call that fulfills two conditions: it must return
		// -1 on failure, and set errno to EINTR when it is interrupted and
		// should be tried again.  The macro expands to a loop that repeatedly
		// evaluates the expression as long as it evaluates to -1 and sets
		// errno to EINTR.  If the expression evaluates to -1 but errno is
		// something other than EINTR, DeathTestAbort is called.
# define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(expression) \
	do { \
		int gtest_retval; \
		do { \
			gtest_retval = (expression); \
		} while (gtest_retval == -1 && errno == EINTR); \
		if (gtest_retval == -1) { \
			DeathTestAbort( \
			                ::std::string("CHECK failed: File ") + __FILE__ + ", line " \
			                + ::testing::internal::StreamableToString(__LINE__) + ": " \
			                + #expression + " != -1"); \
		} \
	} while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())

		// Returns the message describing the last system error in errno.
		std::string GetLastErrnoDescription()
		{
			return errno == 0 ? "" : posix::StrError(errno);
		}

		// This is called from a death test parent process to read a failure
		// message from the death test child process and log it with the FATAL
		// severity. On Windows, the message is read from a pipe handle. On other
		// platforms, it is read from a file descriptor.
		static void FailFromInternalError(int fd)
		{
			Message error;
			char buffer[256];
			int num_read;

			do
			{
				while ((num_read = posix::Read(fd, buffer, 255)) > 0)
				{
					buffer[num_read] = '\0';
					error << buffer;
				}
			}
			while (num_read == -1 && errno == EINTR);

			if (num_read == 0)
			{
				GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << error.GetString();
			}
			else
			{
				const int last_error = errno;
				GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Error while reading death test internal: "
				                  << GetLastErrnoDescription() << " [" << last_error << "]";
			}
		}

		// Death test constructor.  Increments the running death test count
		// for the current test.
		DeathTest::DeathTest()
		{
			TestInfo *const info = GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_info();
			if (info == NULL)
			{
				DeathTestAbort("Cannot run a death test outside of a TEST or "
				               "TEST_F construct");
			}
		}

		// Creates and returns a death test by dispatching to the current
		// death test factory.
		bool DeathTest::Create(const char *statement, const RE *regex,
		                       const char *file, int line, DeathTest **test)
		{
			return GetUnitTestImpl()->death_test_factory()->Create(
			           statement, regex, file, line, test);
		}

		const char *DeathTest::LastMessage()
		{
			return last_death_test_message_.c_str();
		}

		void DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(const std::string &message)
		{
			last_death_test_message_ = message;
		}

		std::string DeathTest::last_death_test_message_;

		// Provides cross platform implementation for some death functionality.
		class DeathTestImpl : public DeathTest
		{
		protected:
			DeathTestImpl(const char *a_statement, const RE *a_regex)
				: statement_(a_statement),
				  regex_(a_regex),
				  spawned_(false),
				  status_(-1),
				  outcome_(IN_PROGRESS),
				  read_fd_(-1),
				  write_fd_(-1) {}

			// read_fd_ is expected to be closed and cleared by a derived class.
			~DeathTestImpl()
			{
				GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(read_fd_ == -1);
			}

			void Abort(AbortReason reason);
			virtual bool Passed(bool status_ok);

			const char *statement() const
			{
				return statement_;
			}
			const RE *regex() const
			{
				return regex_;
			}
			bool spawned() const
			{
				return spawned_;
			}
			void set_spawned(bool is_spawned)
			{
				spawned_ = is_spawned;
			}
			int status() const
			{
				return status_;
			}
			void set_status(int a_status)
			{
				status_ = a_status;
			}
			DeathTestOutcome outcome() const
			{
				return outcome_;
			}
			void set_outcome(DeathTestOutcome an_outcome)
			{
				outcome_ = an_outcome;
			}
			int read_fd() const
			{
				return read_fd_;
			}
			void set_read_fd(int fd)
			{
				read_fd_ = fd;
			}
			int write_fd() const
			{
				return write_fd_;
			}
			void set_write_fd(int fd)
			{
				write_fd_ = fd;
			}

			// Called in the parent process only. Reads the result code of the death
			// test child process via a pipe, interprets it to set the outcome_
			// member, and closes read_fd_.  Outputs diagnostics and terminates in
			// case of unexpected codes.
			void ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();

		private:
			// The textual content of the code this object is testing.  This class
			// doesn't own this string and should not attempt to delete it.
			const char *const statement_;
			// The regular expression which test output must match.  DeathTestImpl
			// doesn't own this object and should not attempt to delete it.
			const RE *const regex_;
			// True if the death test child process has been successfully spawned.
			bool spawned_;
			// The exit status of the child process.
			int status_;
			// How the death test concluded.
			DeathTestOutcome outcome_;
			// Descriptor to the read end of the pipe to the child process.  It is
			// always -1 in the child process.  The child keeps its write end of the
			// pipe in write_fd_.
			int read_fd_;
			// Descriptor to the child's write end of the pipe to the parent process.
			// It is always -1 in the parent process.  The parent keeps its end of the
			// pipe in read_fd_.
			int write_fd_;
		};

		// Called in the parent process only. Reads the result code of the death
		// test child process via a pipe, interprets it to set the outcome_
		// member, and closes read_fd_.  Outputs diagnostics and terminates in
		// case of unexpected codes.
		void DeathTestImpl::ReadAndInterpretStatusByte()
		{
			char flag;
			int bytes_read;

			// The read() here blocks until data is available (signifying the
			// failure of the death test) or until the pipe is closed (signifying
			// its success), so it's okay to call this in the parent before
			// the child process has exited.
			do
			{
				bytes_read = posix::Read(read_fd(), &flag, 1);
			}
			while (bytes_read == -1 && errno == EINTR);

			if (bytes_read == 0)
			{
				set_outcome(DIED);
			}
			else if (bytes_read == 1)
			{
				switch (flag)
				{
				case kDeathTestReturned:
					set_outcome(RETURNED);
					break;
				case kDeathTestThrew:
					set_outcome(THREW);
					break;
				case kDeathTestLived:
					set_outcome(LIVED);
					break;
				case kDeathTestInternalError:
					FailFromInternalError(read_fd());  // Does not return.
					break;
				default:
					GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Death test child process reported "
					                  << "unexpected status byte ("
					                  << static_cast<unsigned int>(flag) << ")";
				}
			}
			else
			{
				GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Read from death test child process failed: "
				                  << GetLastErrnoDescription();
			}
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(posix::Close(read_fd()));
			set_read_fd(-1);
		}

		// Signals that the death test code which should have exited, didn't.
		// Should be called only in a death test child process.
		// Writes a status byte to the child's status file descriptor, then
		// calls _exit(1).
		void DeathTestImpl::Abort(AbortReason reason)
		{
			// The parent process considers the death test to be a failure if
			// it finds any data in our pipe.  So, here we write a single flag byte
			// to the pipe, then exit.
			const char status_ch =
			    reason == TEST_DID_NOT_DIE ? kDeathTestLived :
			    reason == TEST_THREW_EXCEPTION ? kDeathTestThrew : kDeathTestReturned;

			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(posix::Write(write_fd(), &status_ch, 1));
			// We are leaking the descriptor here because on some platforms (i.e.,
			// when built as Windows DLL), destructors of global objects will still
			// run after calling _exit(). On such systems, write_fd_ will be
			// indirectly closed from the destructor of UnitTestImpl, causing double
			// close if it is also closed here. On debug configurations, double close
			// may assert. As there are no in-process buffers to flush here, we are
			// relying on the OS to close the descriptor after the process terminates
			// when the destructors are not run.
			_exit(1);  // Exits w/o any normal exit hooks (we were supposed to crash)
		}

		// Returns an indented copy of stderr output for a death test.
		// This makes distinguishing death test output lines from regular log lines
		// much easier.
		static ::std::string FormatDeathTestOutput(const ::std::string &output)
		{
			::std::string ret;
			for (size_t at = 0; ;)
			{
				const size_t line_end = output.find('\n', at);
				ret += "[  DEATH   ] ";
				if (line_end == ::std::string::npos)
				{
					ret += output.substr(at);
					break;
				}
				ret += output.substr(at, line_end + 1 - at);
				at = line_end + 1;
			}
			return ret;
		}

		// Assesses the success or failure of a death test, using both private
		// members which have previously been set, and one argument:
		//
		// Private data members:
		//   outcome:  An enumeration describing how the death test
		//             concluded: DIED, LIVED, THREW, or RETURNED.  The death test
		//             fails in the latter three cases.
		//   status:   The exit status of the child process. On *nix, it is in the
		//             in the format specified by wait(2). On Windows, this is the
		//             value supplied to the ExitProcess() API or a numeric code
		//             of the exception that terminated the program.
		//   regex:    A regular expression object to be applied to
		//             the test's captured standard error output; the death test
		//             fails if it does not match.
		//
		// Argument:
		//   status_ok: true if exit_status is acceptable in the context of
		//              this particular death test, which fails if it is false
		//
		// Returns true iff all of the above conditions are met.  Otherwise, the
		// first failing condition, in the order given above, is the one that is
		// reported. Also sets the last death test message string.
		bool DeathTestImpl::Passed(bool status_ok)
		{
			if (!spawned())
				return false;

			const std::string error_message = GetCapturedStderr();

			bool success = false;
			Message buffer;

			buffer << "Death test: " << statement() << "\n";
			switch (outcome())
			{
			case LIVED:
				buffer << "    Result: failed to die.\n"
				       << " Error msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
				break;
			case THREW:
				buffer << "    Result: threw an exception.\n"
				       << " Error msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
				break;
			case RETURNED:
				buffer << "    Result: illegal return in test statement.\n"
				       << " Error msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
				break;
			case DIED:
				if (status_ok)
				{
					const bool matched = RE::PartialMatch(error_message.c_str(), *regex());
					if (matched)
					{
						success = true;
					}
					else
					{
						buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected error.\n"
						       << "  Expected: " << regex()->pattern() << "\n"
						       << "Actual msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
					}
				}
				else
				{
					buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected exit code:\n"
					       << "            " << ExitSummary(status()) << "\n"
					       << "Actual msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
				}
				break;
			case IN_PROGRESS:
			default:
				GTEST_LOG_(FATAL)
				        << "DeathTest::Passed somehow called before conclusion of test";
			}

			DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(buffer.GetString());
			return success;
		}

# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
		// WindowsDeathTest implements death tests on Windows. Due to the
		// specifics of starting new processes on Windows, death tests there are
		// always threadsafe, and Google Test considers the
		// --gtest_death_test_style=fast setting to be equivalent to
		// --gtest_death_test_style=threadsafe there.
		//
		// A few implementation notes:  Like the Linux version, the Windows
		// implementation uses pipes for child-to-parent communication. But due to
		// the specifics of pipes on Windows, some extra steps are required:
		//
		// 1. The parent creates a communication pipe and stores handles to both
		//    ends of it.
		// 2. The parent starts the child and provides it with the information
		//    necessary to acquire the handle to the write end of the pipe.
		// 3. The child acquires the write end of the pipe and signals the parent
		//    using a Windows event.
		// 4. Now the parent can release the write end of the pipe on its side. If
		//    this is done before step 3, the object's reference count goes down to
		//    0 and it is destroyed, preventing the child from acquiring it. The
		//    parent now has to release it, or read operations on the read end of
		//    the pipe will not return when the child terminates.
		// 5. The parent reads child's output through the pipe (outcome code and
		//    any possible error messages) from the pipe, and its stderr and then
		//    determines whether to fail the test.
		//
		// Note: to distinguish Win32 API calls from the local method and function
		// calls, the former are explicitly resolved in the global namespace.
		//
		class WindowsDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl
		{
		public:
			WindowsDeathTest(const char *a_statement,
			                 const RE *a_regex,
			                 const char *file,
			                 int line)
				: DeathTestImpl(a_statement, a_regex), file_(file), line_(line) {}

			// All of these virtual functions are inherited from DeathTest.
			virtual int Wait();
			virtual TestRole AssumeRole();

		private:
			// The name of the file in which the death test is located.
			const char *const file_;
			// The line number on which the death test is located.
			const int line_;
			// Handle to the write end of the pipe to the child process.
			AutoHandle write_handle_;
			// Child process handle.
			AutoHandle child_handle_;
			// Event the child process uses to signal the parent that it has
			// acquired the handle to the write end of the pipe. After seeing this
			// event the parent can release its own handles to make sure its
			// ReadFile() calls return when the child terminates.
			AutoHandle event_handle_;
		};

		// Waits for the child in a death test to exit, returning its exit
		// status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
		// outcome data member.
		int WindowsDeathTest::Wait()
		{
			if (!spawned())
				return 0;

			// Wait until the child either signals that it has acquired the write end
			// of the pipe or it dies.
			const HANDLE wait_handles[2] = { child_handle_.Get(), event_handle_.Get() };
			switch (::WaitForMultipleObjects(2,
			                                 wait_handles,
			                                 FALSE,  // Waits for any of the handles.
			                                 INFINITE))
			{
			case WAIT_OBJECT_0:
			case WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1:
				break;
			default:
				GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(false);  // Should not get here.
			}

			// The child has acquired the write end of the pipe or exited.
			// We release the handle on our side and continue.
			write_handle_.Reset();
			event_handle_.Reset();

			ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();

			// Waits for the child process to exit if it haven't already. This
			// returns immediately if the child has already exited, regardless of
			// whether previous calls to WaitForMultipleObjects synchronized on this
			// handle or not.
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
			    WAIT_OBJECT_0 == ::WaitForSingleObject(child_handle_.Get(),
			                                           INFINITE));
			DWORD status_code;
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
			    ::GetExitCodeProcess(child_handle_.Get(), &status_code) != FALSE);
			child_handle_.Reset();
			set_status(static_cast<int>(status_code));
			return status();
		}

		// The AssumeRole process for a Windows death test.  It creates a child
		// process with the same executable as the current process to run the
		// death test.  The child process is given the --gtest_filter and
		// --gtest_internal_run_death_test flags such that it knows to run the
		// current death test only.
		DeathTest::TestRole WindowsDeathTest::AssumeRole()
		{
			const UnitTestImpl *const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
			const InternalRunDeathTestFlag *const flag =
			    impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
			const TestInfo *const info = impl->current_test_info();
			const int death_test_index = info->result()->death_test_count();

			if (flag != NULL)
			{
				// ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag() has performed all the necessary
				// processing.
				set_write_fd(flag->write_fd());
				return EXECUTE_TEST;
			}

			// WindowsDeathTest uses an anonymous pipe to communicate results of
			// a death test.
			SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES handles_are_inheritable =
			{
				sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES), NULL, TRUE
			};
			HANDLE read_handle, write_handle;
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
			    ::CreatePipe(&read_handle, &write_handle, &handles_are_inheritable,
			                 0)  // Default buffer size.
			    != FALSE);
			set_read_fd(::_open_osfhandle(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(read_handle),
			                              O_RDONLY));
			write_handle_.Reset(write_handle);
			event_handle_.Reset(::CreateEvent(
			                        &handles_are_inheritable,
			                        TRUE,    // The event will automatically reset to non-signaled state.
			                        FALSE,   // The initial state is non-signalled.
			                        NULL));  // The even is unnamed.
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(event_handle_.Get() != NULL);
			const std::string filter_flag =
			    std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kFilterFlag + "=" +
			    info->test_case_name() + "." + info->name();
			const std::string internal_flag =
			    std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kInternalRunDeathTestFlag +
			    "=" + file_ + "|" + StreamableToString(line_) + "|" +
			    StreamableToString(death_test_index) + "|" +
			    StreamableToString(static_cast<unsigned int>(::GetCurrentProcessId())) +
			    // size_t has the same width as pointers on both 32-bit and 64-bit
			    // Windows platforms.
			    // See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tcxf1dw6.aspx.
			    "|" + StreamableToString(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(write_handle)) +
			    "|" + StreamableToString(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(event_handle_.Get()));

			char executable_path[_MAX_PATH + 1];  // NOLINT
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
			    _MAX_PATH + 1 != ::GetModuleFileNameA(NULL,
			                                          executable_path,
			                                          _MAX_PATH));

			std::string command_line =
			    std::string(::GetCommandLineA()) + " " + filter_flag + " \"" +
			    internal_flag + "\"";

			DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");

			CaptureStderr();
			// Flush the log buffers since the log streams are shared with the child.
			FlushInfoLog();

			// The child process will share the standard handles with the parent.
			STARTUPINFOA startup_info;
			memset(&startup_info, 0, sizeof(STARTUPINFO));
			startup_info.dwFlags = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
			startup_info.hStdInput = ::GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE);
			startup_info.hStdOutput = ::GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
			startup_info.hStdError = ::GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);

			PROCESS_INFORMATION process_info;
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(::CreateProcessA(
			                            executable_path,
			                            const_cast<char *>(command_line.c_str()),
			                            NULL,   // Retuned process handle is not inheritable.
			                            NULL,   // Retuned thread handle is not inheritable.
			                            TRUE,   // Child inherits all inheritable handles (for write_handle_).
			                            0x0,    // Default creation flags.
			                            NULL,   // Inherit the parent's environment.
			                            UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir(),
			                            &startup_info,
			                            &process_info) != FALSE);
			child_handle_.Reset(process_info.hProcess);
			::CloseHandle(process_info.hThread);
			set_spawned(true);
			return OVERSEE_TEST;
		}
# else  // We are not on Windows.

		// ForkingDeathTest provides implementations for most of the abstract
		// methods of the DeathTest interface.  Only the AssumeRole method is
		// left undefined.
		class ForkingDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl
		{
		public:
			ForkingDeathTest(const char *statement, const RE *regex);

			// All of these virtual functions are inherited from DeathTest.
			virtual int Wait();

		protected:
			void set_child_pid(pid_t child_pid)
			{
				child_pid_ = child_pid;
			}

		private:
			// PID of child process during death test; 0 in the child process itself.
			pid_t child_pid_;
		};

		// Constructs a ForkingDeathTest.
		ForkingDeathTest::ForkingDeathTest(const char *a_statement, const RE *a_regex)
			: DeathTestImpl(a_statement, a_regex),
			  child_pid_(-1) {}

		// Waits for the child in a death test to exit, returning its exit
		// status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
		// outcome data member.
		int ForkingDeathTest::Wait()
		{
			if (!spawned())
				return 0;

			ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();

			int status_value;
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(waitpid(child_pid_, &status_value, 0));
			set_status(status_value);
			return status_value;
		}

		// A concrete death test class that forks, then immediately runs the test
		// in the child process.
		class NoExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest
		{
		public:
			NoExecDeathTest(const char *a_statement, const RE *a_regex) :
				ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex) { }
			virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
		};

		// The AssumeRole process for a fork-and-run death test.  It implements a
		// straightforward fork, with a simple pipe to transmit the status byte.
		DeathTest::TestRole NoExecDeathTest::AssumeRole()
		{
			const size_t thread_count = GetThreadCount();
			if (thread_count != 1)
			{
				GTEST_LOG_(WARNING) << DeathTestThreadWarning(thread_count);
			}

			int pipe_fd[2];
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(pipe(pipe_fd) != -1);

			DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");
			CaptureStderr();
			// When we fork the process below, the log file buffers are copied, but the
			// file descriptors are shared.  We flush all log files here so that closing
			// the file descriptors in the child process doesn't throw off the
			// synchronization between descriptors and buffers in the parent process.
			// This is as close to the fork as possible to avoid a race condition in case
			// there are multiple threads running before the death test, and another
			// thread writes to the log file.
			FlushInfoLog();

			const pid_t child_pid = fork();
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(child_pid != -1);
			set_child_pid(child_pid);
			if (child_pid == 0)
			{
				GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(pipe_fd[0]));
				set_write_fd(pipe_fd[1]);
				// Redirects all logging to stderr in the child process to prevent
				// concurrent writes to the log files.  We capture stderr in the parent
				// process and append the child process' output to a log.
				LogToStderr();
				// Event forwarding to the listeners of event listener API mush be shut
				// down in death test subprocesses.
				GetUnitTestImpl()->listeners()->SuppressEventForwarding();
				g_in_fast_death_test_child = true;
				return EXECUTE_TEST;
			}
			else
			{
				GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(pipe_fd[1]));
				set_read_fd(pipe_fd[0]);
				set_spawned(true);
				return OVERSEE_TEST;
			}
		}

		// A concrete death test class that forks and re-executes the main
		// program from the beginning, with command-line flags set that cause
		// only this specific death test to be run.
		class ExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest
		{
		public:
			ExecDeathTest(const char *a_statement, const RE *a_regex,
			              const char *file, int line) :
				ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex), file_(file), line_(line) { }
			virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
		private:
			static ::std::vector<testing::internal::string>
			GetArgvsForDeathTestChildProcess()
			{
				::std::vector<testing::internal::string> args = GetInjectableArgvs();
				return args;
			}
			// The name of the file in which the death test is located.
			const char *const file_;
			// The line number on which the death test is located.
			const int line_;
		};

		// Utility class for accumulating command-line arguments.
		class Arguments
		{
		public:
			Arguments()
			{
				args_.push_back(NULL);
			}

			~Arguments()
			{
				for (std::vector<char *>::iterator i = args_.begin(); i != args_.end();
				     ++i)
				{
					free(*i);
				}
			}
			void AddArgument(const char *argument)
			{
				args_.insert(args_.end() - 1, posix::StrDup(argument));
			}

			template <typename Str>
			void AddArguments(const ::std::vector<Str> &arguments)
			{
				for (typename ::std::vector<Str>::const_iterator i = arguments.begin();
				     i != arguments.end();
				     ++i)
				{
					args_.insert(args_.end() - 1, posix::StrDup(i->c_str()));
				}
			}
			char *const *Argv()
			{
				return &args_[0];
			}

		private:
			std::vector<char *> args_;
		};

		// A struct that encompasses the arguments to the child process of a
		// threadsafe-style death test process.
		struct ExecDeathTestArgs
		{
			char *const *argv;  // Command-line arguments for the child's call to exec
			int close_fd;       // File descriptor to close; the read end of a pipe
		};

#  if GTEST_OS_MAC
		inline char **GetEnviron()
		{
			// When Google Test is built as a framework on MacOS X, the environ variable
			// is unavailable. Apple's documentation (man environ) recommends using
			// _NSGetEnviron() instead.
			return *_NSGetEnviron();
		}
#  else
		// Some POSIX platforms expect you to declare environ. extern "C" makes
		// it reside in the global namespace.
		extern "C" char **environ;
		inline char **GetEnviron()
		{
			return environ;
		}
#  endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC

#  if !GTEST_OS_QNX
		// The main function for a threadsafe-style death test child process.
		// This function is called in a clone()-ed process and thus must avoid
		// any potentially unsafe operations like malloc or libc functions.
		static int ExecDeathTestChildMain(void *child_arg)
		{
			ExecDeathTestArgs *const args = static_cast<ExecDeathTestArgs *>(child_arg);
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(args->close_fd));

			// We need to execute the test program in the same environment where
			// it was originally invoked.  Therefore we change to the original
			// working directory first.
			const char *const original_dir =
			    UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir();
			// We can safely call chdir() as it's a direct system call.
			if (chdir(original_dir) != 0)
			{
				DeathTestAbort(std::string("chdir(\"") + original_dir + "\") failed: " +
				               GetLastErrnoDescription());
				return EXIT_FAILURE;
			}

			// We can safely call execve() as it's a direct system call.  We
			// cannot use execvp() as it's a libc function and thus potentially
			// unsafe.  Since execve() doesn't search the PATH, the user must
			// invoke the test program via a valid path that contains at least
			// one path separator.
			execve(args->argv[0], args->argv, GetEnviron());
			DeathTestAbort(std::string("execve(") + args->argv[0] + ", ...) in " +
			               original_dir + " failed: " +
			               GetLastErrnoDescription());
			return EXIT_FAILURE;
		}
#  endif  // !GTEST_OS_QNX

		// Two utility routines that together determine the direction the stack
		// grows.
		// This could be accomplished more elegantly by a single recursive
		// function, but we want to guard against the unlikely possibility of
		// a smart compiler optimizing the recursion away.
		//
		// GTEST_NO_INLINE_ is required to prevent GCC 4.6 from inlining
		// StackLowerThanAddress into StackGrowsDown, which then doesn't give
		// correct answer.
		void StackLowerThanAddress(const void *ptr, bool *result) GTEST_NO_INLINE_;
		void StackLowerThanAddress(const void *ptr, bool *result)
		{
			int dummy;
			*result = (&dummy < ptr);
		}

		bool StackGrowsDown()
		{
			int dummy;
			bool result;
			StackLowerThanAddress(&dummy, &result);
			return result;
		}

		// Spawns a child process with the same executable as the current process in
		// a thread-safe manner and instructs it to run the death test.  The
		// implementation uses fork(2) + exec.  On systems where clone(2) is
		// available, it is used instead, being slightly more thread-safe.  On QNX,
		// fork supports only single-threaded environments, so this function uses
		// spawn(2) there instead.  The function dies with an error message if
		// anything goes wrong.
		static pid_t ExecDeathTestSpawnChild(char *const *argv, int close_fd)
		{
			ExecDeathTestArgs args = { argv, close_fd };
			pid_t child_pid = -1;

#  if GTEST_OS_QNX
			// Obtains the current directory and sets it to be closed in the child
			// process.
			const int cwd_fd = open(".", O_RDONLY);
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(cwd_fd != -1);
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(fcntl(cwd_fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC));
			// We need to execute the test program in the same environment where
			// it was originally invoked.  Therefore we change to the original
			// working directory first.
			const char *const original_dir =
			    UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir();
			// We can safely call chdir() as it's a direct system call.
			if (chdir(original_dir) != 0)
			{
				DeathTestAbort(std::string("chdir(\"") + original_dir + "\") failed: " +
				               GetLastErrnoDescription());
				return EXIT_FAILURE;
			}

			int fd_flags;
			// Set close_fd to be closed after spawn.
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(fd_flags = fcntl(close_fd, F_GETFD));
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(fcntl(close_fd, F_SETFD,
			                                      fd_flags | FD_CLOEXEC));
			struct inheritance inherit = {0};
			// spawn is a system call.
			child_pid = spawn(args.argv[0], 0, NULL, &inherit, args.argv, GetEnviron());
			// Restores the current working directory.
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(fchdir(cwd_fd) != -1);
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(cwd_fd));

#  else   // GTEST_OS_QNX
#   if GTEST_OS_LINUX
			// When a SIGPROF signal is received while fork() or clone() are executing,
			// the process may hang. To avoid this, we ignore SIGPROF here and re-enable
			// it after the call to fork()/clone() is complete.
			struct sigaction saved_sigprof_action;
			struct sigaction ignore_sigprof_action;
			memset(&ignore_sigprof_action, 0, sizeof(ignore_sigprof_action));
			sigemptyset(&ignore_sigprof_action.sa_mask);
			ignore_sigprof_action.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(sigaction(
			                                    SIGPROF, &ignore_sigprof_action, &saved_sigprof_action));
#   endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX

#   if GTEST_HAS_CLONE
			const bool use_fork = GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork);

			if (!use_fork)
			{
				static const bool stack_grows_down = StackGrowsDown();
				const size_t stack_size = getpagesize();
				// MMAP_ANONYMOUS is not defined on Mac, so we use MAP_ANON instead.
				void *const stack = mmap(NULL, stack_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
				                         MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
				GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(stack != MAP_FAILED);

				// Maximum stack alignment in bytes:  For a downward-growing stack, this
				// amount is subtracted from size of the stack space to get an address
				// that is within the stack space and is aligned on all systems we care
				// about.  As far as I know there is no ABI with stack alignment greater
				// than 64.  We assume stack and stack_size already have alignment of
				// kMaxStackAlignment.
				const size_t kMaxStackAlignment = 64;
				void *const stack_top =
				    static_cast<char *>(stack) +
				    (stack_grows_down ? stack_size - kMaxStackAlignment : 0);
				GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(stack_size > kMaxStackAlignment &&
				                        reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(stack_top) % kMaxStackAlignment == 0);

				child_pid = clone(&ExecDeathTestChildMain, stack_top, SIGCHLD, &args);

				GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(munmap(stack, stack_size) != -1);
			}
#   else
			const bool use_fork = true;
#   endif  // GTEST_HAS_CLONE

			if (use_fork && (child_pid = fork()) == 0)
			{
				ExecDeathTestChildMain(&args);
				_exit(0);
			}
#  endif  // GTEST_OS_QNX
#  if GTEST_OS_LINUX
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(
			    sigaction(SIGPROF, &saved_sigprof_action, NULL));
#  endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX

			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(child_pid != -1);
			return child_pid;
		}

		// The AssumeRole process for a fork-and-exec death test.  It re-executes the
		// main program from the beginning, setting the --gtest_filter
		// and --gtest_internal_run_death_test flags to cause only the current
		// death test to be re-run.
		DeathTest::TestRole ExecDeathTest::AssumeRole()
		{
			const UnitTestImpl *const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
			const InternalRunDeathTestFlag *const flag =
			    impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
			const TestInfo *const info = impl->current_test_info();
			const int death_test_index = info->result()->death_test_count();

			if (flag != NULL)
			{
				set_write_fd(flag->write_fd());
				return EXECUTE_TEST;
			}

			int pipe_fd[2];
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(pipe(pipe_fd) != -1);
			// Clear the close-on-exec flag on the write end of the pipe, lest
			// it be closed when the child process does an exec:
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(fcntl(pipe_fd[1], F_SETFD, 0) != -1);

			const std::string filter_flag =
			    std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kFilterFlag + "="
			    + info->test_case_name() + "." + info->name();
			const std::string internal_flag =
			    std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kInternalRunDeathTestFlag + "="
			    + file_ + "|" + StreamableToString(line_) + "|"
			    + StreamableToString(death_test_index) + "|"
			    + StreamableToString(pipe_fd[1]);
			Arguments args;
			args.AddArguments(GetArgvsForDeathTestChildProcess());
			args.AddArgument(filter_flag.c_str());
			args.AddArgument(internal_flag.c_str());

			DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");

			CaptureStderr();
			// See the comment in NoExecDeathTest::AssumeRole for why the next line
			// is necessary.
			FlushInfoLog();

			const pid_t child_pid = ExecDeathTestSpawnChild(args.Argv(), pipe_fd[0]);
			GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(pipe_fd[1]));
			set_child_pid(child_pid);
			set_read_fd(pipe_fd[0]);
			set_spawned(true);
			return OVERSEE_TEST;
		}

# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

		// Creates a concrete DeathTest-derived class that depends on the
		// --gtest_death_test_style flag, and sets the pointer pointed to
		// by the "test" argument to its address.  If the test should be
		// skipped, sets that pointer to NULL.  Returns true, unless the
		// flag is set to an invalid value.
		bool DefaultDeathTestFactory::Create(const char *statement, const RE *regex,
		                                     const char *file, int line,
		                                     DeathTest **test)
		{
			UnitTestImpl *const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
			const InternalRunDeathTestFlag *const flag =
			    impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
			const int death_test_index = impl->current_test_info()
			                             ->increment_death_test_count();

			if (flag != NULL)
			{
				if (death_test_index > flag->index())
				{
					DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(
					    "Death test count (" + StreamableToString(death_test_index)
					    + ") somehow exceeded expected maximum ("
					    + StreamableToString(flag->index()) + ")");
					return false;
				}

				if (!(flag->file() == file && flag->line() == line &&
				      flag->index() == death_test_index))
				{
					*test = NULL;
					return true;
				}
			}

# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

			if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe" ||
			    GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast")
			{
				*test = new WindowsDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
			}

# else

			if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe")
			{
				*test = new ExecDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
			}
			else if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast")
			{
				*test = new NoExecDeathTest(statement, regex);
			}

# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

			else    // NOLINT - this is more readable than unbalanced brackets inside #if.
			{
				DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(
				    "Unknown death test style \"" + GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style)
				    + "\" encountered");
				return false;
			}

			return true;
		}

		// Splits a given string on a given delimiter, populating a given
		// vector with the fields.  GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST implies that we have
		// ::std::string, so we can use it here.
		static void SplitString(const ::std::string &str, char delimiter,
		                        ::std::vector<::std::string> *dest)
		{
			::std::vector<::std::string> parsed;
			::std::string::size_type pos = 0;
			while (::testing::internal::AlwaysTrue())
			{
				const ::std::string::size_type colon = str.find(delimiter, pos);
				if (colon == ::std::string::npos)
				{
					parsed.push_back(str.substr(pos));
					break;
				}
				else
				{
					parsed.push_back(str.substr(pos, colon - pos));
					pos = colon + 1;
				}
			}
			dest->swap(parsed);
		}

# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
		// Recreates the pipe and event handles from the provided parameters,
		// signals the event, and returns a file descriptor wrapped around the pipe
		// handle. This function is called in the child process only.
		int GetStatusFileDescriptor(unsigned int parent_process_id,
		                            size_t write_handle_as_size_t,
		                            size_t event_handle_as_size_t)
		{
			AutoHandle parent_process_handle(::OpenProcess(PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE,
			                                               FALSE,  // Non-inheritable.
			                                               parent_process_id));
			if (parent_process_handle.Get() == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
			{
				DeathTestAbort("Unable to open parent process " +
				               StreamableToString(parent_process_id));
			}

			// TODO(vladl@google.com): Replace the following check with a
			// compile-time assertion when available.
			GTEST_CHECK_(sizeof(HANDLE) <= sizeof(size_t));

			const HANDLE write_handle =
			    reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(write_handle_as_size_t);
			HANDLE dup_write_handle;

			// The newly initialized handle is accessible only in in the parent
			// process. To obtain one accessible within the child, we need to use
			// DuplicateHandle.
			if (!::DuplicateHandle(parent_process_handle.Get(), write_handle,
			                       ::GetCurrentProcess(), &dup_write_handle,
			                       0x0,    // Requested privileges ignored since
			                       // DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS is used.
			                       FALSE,  // Request non-inheritable handler.
			                       DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS))
			{
				DeathTestAbort("Unable to duplicate the pipe handle " +
				               StreamableToString(write_handle_as_size_t) +
				               " from the parent process " +
				               StreamableToString(parent_process_id));
			}

			const HANDLE event_handle = reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(event_handle_as_size_t);
			HANDLE dup_event_handle;

			if (!::DuplicateHandle(parent_process_handle.Get(), event_handle,
			                       ::GetCurrentProcess(), &dup_event_handle,
			                       0x0,
			                       FALSE,
			                       DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS))
			{
				DeathTestAbort("Unable to duplicate the event handle " +
				               StreamableToString(event_handle_as_size_t) +
				               " from the parent process " +
				               StreamableToString(parent_process_id));
			}

			const int write_fd =
			    ::_open_osfhandle(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(dup_write_handle), O_APPEND);
			if (write_fd == -1)
			{
				DeathTestAbort("Unable to convert pipe handle " +
				               StreamableToString(write_handle_as_size_t) +
				               " to a file descriptor");
			}

			// Signals the parent that the write end of the pipe has been acquired
			// so the parent can release its own write end.
			::SetEvent(dup_event_handle);

			return write_fd;
		}
# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

		// Returns a newly created InternalRunDeathTestFlag object with fields
		// initialized from the GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) flag if
		// the flag is specified; otherwise returns NULL.
		InternalRunDeathTestFlag *ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag()
		{
			if (GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) == "") return NULL;

			// GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST implies that we have ::std::string, so we
			// can use it here.
			int line = -1;
			int index = -1;
			::std::vector<::std::string> fields;
			SplitString(GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).c_str(), '|', &fields);
			int write_fd = -1;

# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

			unsigned int parent_process_id = 0;
			size_t write_handle_as_size_t = 0;
			size_t event_handle_as_size_t = 0;

			if (fields.size() != 6
			    || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line)
			    || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index)
			    || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &parent_process_id)
			    || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[4], &write_handle_as_size_t)
			    || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[5], &event_handle_as_size_t))
			{
				DeathTestAbort("Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: " +
				               GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test));
			}
			write_fd = GetStatusFileDescriptor(parent_process_id,
			                                   write_handle_as_size_t,
			                                   event_handle_as_size_t);
# else

			if (fields.size() != 4
			    || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line)
			    || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index)
			    || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &write_fd))
			{
				DeathTestAbort("Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: "
				               + GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test));
			}

# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS

			return new InternalRunDeathTestFlag(fields[0], line, index, write_fd);
		}

	}  // namespace internal

#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST

}  // namespace testing
